Druid Sacred Texts

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Devout texts , also known as scripture , are the texts which various religious traditions consider to be sacred, or of principal importance to their religious tradition. Many religions and spiritual movements assume trust to that their sacred texts are divinely or supernaturally inspired.

History of religious texts

See also: information of religion, timeline of religion, and history of writing

The oldest known conscientious texts are Pyramid texts of Ancient Egypt that date to 2400-2300 BCE. The Epic of Gilgamesh from Sumeria is also one of the earliest literary works dating to 2150-2000 BCE, that includes divers mythological figures . The Rigveda of Hinduism is proposed to have been composed between 1700–1100 BCE making it mayhap the world's oldest religious text still in use. The oldest portions of the Zoroastrian Avesta are believed to father been transmitted orally for centuries before they found written figure, and although widely differing dates for Gathic Avestan (the language of the oldest texts) possess been proposed, scholarly consensus floats at around 1000 BCE.

The first Upanishads printed for wide distribution to the masses was The Diamond Sutra, a Buddhist scripture, and is the earliest recorded benchmark of a dated printed text, bearing the Chinese calendar date for 11 May 868 CE.

Views

Attitudes to sacred texts argue. Some religions make written texts widely and freely available, while others hang on that sacred secrets must remain hidden from all but the loyal and the initiate. Most religions promulgate policies defining the limits of the sacred texts and controlling or threatening changes and additions. Some religions view their sacred texts as the "Word of God", often contending that the texts are inspired by God and as such not public to alteration. Translations of texts may receive official blessing, but an original sacred language often has de facto , supreme or exclusive paramountcy. Some religions make texts available free or in subsidized cast; others require payment and the strict observance of copyright.

- References to scriptures profit from standardisation: the Guru Granth Sahib (of Sikhism) unexceptionally appears with standardised page numbering while many other religions (including the Abrahamic religions and their offshoots) part of chapter and verse pointers.

Other terms

Other terms are often by adherents to recite the canonical works of their religion. In the United States, terms like 'Venerated Writ' and others are used by some Christian groups (including the King-James-Only Flow) to describe the Christian Bible or, less often, by Muslim groups to describe the Qur'an.

Another in relation to is 'Holy Scripture' or 'Sacred Scripture', used to denote the text's importance, its status as intuit revelation, or, as in the case of many Christian groups, its complete inerrancy. Christianity is not merely in using this terminology to revere its sacred book; Islam holds the Qur'an in similar prize, as does Hinduism the Vedas and Bhagavad Gita, and Buddhism the sutras.

Hierographology

Hierographology (Greek ιερος, hieros, "sacred" or "reverent", + γραφος, graphos, "writing", + λογος, logos, "word" or "reason") (archaically also 'hierology') is the on of sacred texts. Increasingly, sacred texts of many cultures are studied within academic contexts, primarily to developing understanding of other cultures, whether ancient or contemporary. Sometimes this involves the widening of the principles of higher criticism to the texts of many faiths. It may also involve a comparative swatting of religious texts. The hierographology of the Qur'an can be particularly controversial, especially when questioning the accuracy of Islamic traditions all round the text.

List of sacred texts of various religions

Ásatrú

  • The Poetic Edda, especially including the Hávamál
  • The Younger Edda

Ayyavazhi

  • The Akilattirattu Ammanai
  • The Arul Nool

Bahá'í Certitude

  • The Kitáb-i-Aqdas
  • Kitáb-i-Íqán
  • and many other writings including ones from other faiths

Bön

  • Bon Kangyur and Tengyur

Buddhism

  • Theravada Buddhism
    • The Tipitaka aka Pali Canon
  • East Asian Mahayana
    • The Chinese Buddhist Tripitaka, including
      • Diamond Sutra
      • Unbesmirched Land Buddhism
        • Infinite Life Sutra
        • Amitabha Sutra
        • Contemplation Sutra
        • other Virginal Land Sutras
      • Tiantai, Tendai, and Nichiren
        • Lotus Sutra
      • Shingon
        • Mahavairocana Sutra
        • Vajrasekhara Sutra
  • Tibetan Buddhism
    • Tibetan Kangyur and Tengyur

Christianity

  • The Books of the Bible
  • Some forms of Christianity:
    • The Apocrypha
  • Latter Day Saint denominations ( see also Criterion Works ):
    • The Book of Mormon
    • The Pearl of Great Price
    • The Doctrine and Covenants
  • Cerdonianism and Marcionism
    • Fact of Marcion
    • the Apostolicon (10 Letters of Paul)
  • Paulicianism
    • Gospel of Luke
    • Pauline epistles
  • Gnosticism
    • Nag Hammadi library

Confucianism

  • The Five Classics
  • The Four Books

Discordianism

  • The Principia Discordia
  • The Apocrypha Discordia

Druze

  • Rasa'il al-hikmah (Epistles of Lore)

Etruscan religion

  • Cippus Perusinus
  • Liber Linteus
  • Pyrgi Tablets
  • Tabula Cortonensis

Hermeticism

  • Hermetica, Emerald Lozenge and associated writings

Hinduism

  • Śruti
    • Vedas
      • Rig Veda
      • Sama Veda
      • Yajur Veda
      • Atharva Veda
    • Brahmanas
    • Aranyakas
    • Upanishads
  • Smriti
    • Itihāsas
      • Mahābhārata (including the Bhagavad Gita)
        • Bhagavad Gita
      • Ramayana
    • Puranas (Laundry list)
      • Bhagavata Purana
    • Tantras
    • Sutras (List)
    • Stotras
    • Ashtavakra Gita
    • Gherand Samhita
    • Gita Govinda
    • Hatha Yoga Pradipika
  • In Purva Mimamsa
    • Purva Mimamsa Sutras
  • In Vedanta (Uttar Mimamsa)
    • Brahma Sutras of Vyasa
  • In Yoga
    • Yoga Sutras of Patanjali
  • In Samkhya
    • Samkhya Sutras of Kapila
  • In Nyaya
    • Nyāya Sūtras of Gautama
  • In Vaisheshika
    • Vaisheshika Sutras of Kanada
  • In Vaishnavism
    • Vaikhanasa Samhitas
    • Pancaratra Samhitas
  • In Saktism
    • Sakta Tantras
  • In Kashmir Saivism
    • 64 Bhairavagamas
    • 28 Saiva Agamas
    • Shiva Sutras
  • In Pashupata Shaivism
    • Pashupata Sutras of Lakulish
    • Panchartha-bhashya of Kaundinya (a commentary on the Pashupata Sutras)
    • Ganakarika
    • Ratnatika of Bhasarvajna
  • In Saiva Siddhanta
    • 28 Saiva Agamas
    • Tirumurai (canon of 12 works)
    • Meykandar Shastras (canon of 14 works)
  • In Gaudiya Vaishnavism
    • Brahma Samhita
    • Jayadeva's Gita Govinda
    • Krishna-karnamrita
    • Chaitanya Bhagavata
    • Chaitanya Charitamrita
    • Prema-bhakti-candrika
    • Hari-bhakti-vilasa
  • In Kabir Panth
    • poems of Kabir
  • In Dadu Panth
    • poems of Dadu

Islam

  • Qur'an (Islamic Book of Mormon, Al-Quran, 'the Recitation')
  • Hadith (sayings and actions of Muhammad)

Jainism

  • Svetambara
    • 11 Angas
      • Unoriginal
        • 12 Upangas, 4 Mula-sutras, 6 Cheda-sutras, 2 Culika-sutras, 10 Prakirnakas
  • Digambara
    • Karmaprabhrita, also called Satkhandagama
    • Kashayaprabhrita
  • Nonsectarian/Nonspecific
    • Jina Vijaya
    • Tattvartha Sutra
    • GandhaHasti Mahabhashya (authoratative and oldest commentary on the Judaism
      • The Tanakh (Hebrew Bible)
        • Torah
        • Nevi'im(prophets)
        • Ketuvim
      • The Talmud
        • Mishnah
        • Gemara

      Lingayatism

      • Siddhanta Shikhamani
      • Vachanas
      • Mantra Gopya
      • Shoonya Sampadane
      • 28 Shaivite Agamas
      • Karana Hasuge
      • Basava Purana

      Mandaeanism

      • The Ginza Rba
      • Register of the Zodiac
      • Qolusta, Canonical Prayerbook
      • Book of John the Baptizer
      • Diwan Abatur, Purgatories
      • 1012 Questions
      • Coronation of Shislam Rba
      • Baptism of Hibil Ziwa
      • Haran Gawaita

      Manichaeism

      • The Arzhang

      Meher Baba

      • God Speaks

      Neopaganism

      • Local and Aboriginal mythologies

      New Age religions

      Various New Age religions may regard any of the following texts as inspired:

      • A Obviously in Miracles
      • Invoking The Light
      • Conversations with God
      • Oahspe
      • The Bible
      • The Gnostic Gospels
      • The Urantia Enrol
      • Isis Unveiled
      • Man and his Bodies

      Orphism (religion)

      • The Orphic Poems

      Pastafarian

      • The Certainty of the Flying Spaghetti Monster

      Rastafari movement

      • The Bible
      • the Holy Piby
      • the Kebra Negast
      • The speeches and writings of Haile Selassie I
      • Imposing Parchment Scroll of Black Supremacy

      Samaritanism

      • The Samaritan Pentateuch

      Satanism

      • The Perverse Bible

      Scientology

      • Dianetics (Scientology source)
      • List of Scientology texts

      Sikhism

      • The Guru Granth Sahib
      • The Dasam Granth Sahib

      Shinto

      • The Kojiki
      • The Nihon Shoki or Nihongi

      Spiritism

      • The Spirits Book
        • The Book of Mediums
        • The Truth According to Spiritism
        • Heaven and Hell
        • The Genesis According to Spiritism

      Swedenborgianism

      • The Bible
      • The writings of Emanuel Swedenborg
      • Some also consideration a number of posthumously published manuscripts of Swedenborg to also be sacred.

      Taoism

      • Daozang
        • The Tao Te Ching
        • The Zhuangzi

      Thelema

      • The Reverential Books of Thelema especially Liber Al vel Legis

      Unification Church

      • Divine Maxim
      • Wolli Hesul ( Explanation of the Divine Principle )
      • Wolli Kangron ( Exposition of the Splendid Principle )

      Yazidi

      • Black Book
      • Book of Revelation

      Zoroastrianism

      • Primary scrupulous texts, that is, the Avesta collection:
        • The Yasna, the primary liturgical collection, includes the Gathas .
        • The Visparad, a store of supplements to the Yasna .
        • The Yashts, hymns in honor of the divinities.
        • The Vendidad, describes the numerous forms of evil spirits and ways to confound them.
        • shorter texts and prayers, the five Nyaishes ("exaltation, praise"), the Sirozeh and the Afringans (blessings).
      • There are some 60 derived religious texts, none of which are considered scripture. The most important of these are:
        • The Denkard (midst Persian, 'Acts of Religion'),
        • The Bundahishn, (middle Persian, 'Primordial Creation')
        • The Mainog-i-Khirad, (medial Persian, 'Spirit of Wisdom')
        • The Arda Viraf Namak (middle Persian, 'The Engage of Arda Viraf')
        • The Sad-dar (modern Persian, 'Hundred Doors', or 'Hundred Chapters')
        • The Rivayats (brand-new Persian, traditional treatises).
      • For general use by the laity:
        • The Zend (lit. commentaries), various commentaries on and translations of the Avesta.
        • The Khordeh Avesta, a amassment of everyday prayers from the Avesta.

      References

      1. ^ The oldest mention of Rigveda in other sources dates from 600 BCE, and the oldest at one's fingertips text from 1,200 CE. Oberlies (1998:155) gives an estimate of 1100 BCE for the youngest hymns in earmark 10. Estimates for a terminus post quem of the earliest hymns are far more chance. Oberlies (p. 158) based on 'cumulative evidence' sets wide range of 1700–1100. The EIEC (s.v. Indo-Iranian languages, p. 306) gives 1500–1000. It is ineluctable that the hymns post-date Indo-Iranian separation of ca. 2000 BC and to all intents that of the Indo-Aryan Mitanni documents of c. 1400 BCE. Philological estimates be biased to date the bulk of the text to the second half of the second millennium. Compare Max Müller's proclamation "the hymns men of the Rig-Veda are said to date from 1500 B.C." ('Veda and Vedanta', 7th upbraiding in India: What Can It Teach Us: A Course of Lectures Delivered In the vanguard the University of Cambridge , World Treasures of the Library of Congress Beginnings by Irene U. Chambers, Michael S. Roth. Some writers out of the mainstream seek to trace astronomical references in the Rigveda, dating it to as early as 4000 BC, a date corresponding to the Neolithic ]; summarized by Klaus Klostermaier in a 1998 presenting
      2. ^ British Library

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