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Minocycline hydrochloride , also known as minocycline , is a skirt spectrum tetracycline antibiotic, and has a broader spectrum than the other members of the bundle. It is a bacteriostatic antibiotic. As a result of its long half-life it generally has serum levels 2-4 times that of most other tetracyclines (150 mg giving 16 times the job levels compared to 250 mg of tetracycline at 24-48 hours). Minocycline was originally discovered by Lederle Laboratories and marketed below the brand name Minocin .

Indications

It is primarily used to treat acne and other incrustation infections as well as lyme disease as the one pill twice daily 100 mg dosage is far easier for patients than the four times a day required with tetracycline or oxytetracycline.

Although minocycline's broader spectrum of operation, compared to other members of the group, includes activity against Neisseria meningitidis, its use as a prophylaxis is no longer recommended because of side effects (dizziness and giddiness).

It may be used to treat certain strains of MRSA infection and disease caused by sedate resistant Acinetobacter.

Minocycline is recognized as a DMARDS (Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Knock out) by the American College of Rheumatology, which recommends its use as a treatment for mild rheumatoid arthritis.

For other uses of minocycline see Tetracycline antibiotics and oxytetracycline as the uses are much the for all that between Tetracyclines with only minor exceptions.

Cautions

Contrary to most other tetracycline antibiotics (doxycycline excluded), minocycline may be Euphemistic pre-owned in renal impairment, but may aggravate systemic lupus erythematosus. It may also trigger or unmask autoimmune hepatitis.

Also, more so than other tetracyclines, minocycline can effect the rare condition of secondary intracranial hypertension which has initial symptoms of ass, visual disturbances, and confusion. Cerebral edema, as well as autoimmune rheumatoid arthritis are rare side effects to minocycline in some people.

Minocycline, like all tetracyclines, becomes hazardous past its expiration date. While most prescription drugs lose potency after their running out dates, tetracyclines were known to become toxic over time due to the fractionation of certain chemicals present in the manufactured capsules. This is not a present concern in drugs manufactured in before all world countries. Expired tetracyclines, as previously manufactured, can cause serious injury to the kidneys.

Minocycline's absorption is impaired if taken at the same time of day as calcium or iron supplements. Ill-matched with some of the other tetracycline group antibiotics, it can be taken with calcium-exquisite foods such as milk, although this does reduce the absorption slightly. In a up to date news item in Science dated 23 November 2007, it has been mentioned that Minocycline in ALS is baleful. Patients on minocycline declined more rapidly than those on placebo. At backsheesh the mechanism of this side effect is unknown. According to the researcher from Columbia University the consequence does not seem to be dose dependent because the patients on high doses did not do worse than those on the low doses. Subject Vol 318, 1227, 2007. Should be taken with plenty of water. If taking this anaesthetize, one should avoid prolonged or excessive exposure to direct sunlight.

Side effects

Minocycline may reason upset stomach, diarrhea, dizziness, unsteadiness, drowsiness, headache and vomiting. Minocycline increases kindliness to sunlight. It has also been linked to cases of lupus, although rarely. Minocycline can drop the effectiveness of oral contraceptives. Prolonged use of Minicycline over an extended period of interval can lead to blue-gray skin or teeth discoloration. In some cases, Minocycline can result in a liver infection. Rare but serious side effects include fever, yellowing of the eyes or excoriate, stomach pain, sore throat, vision changes, and mental changes, including depersonalization.

Minocycline, but not other tetracyclines, can precipitate vestibular disturbances with dizziness, ataxia, vertigo and tinnitus. This side in truth is much more common in women than in men, occurring in 50% to 70% of women receiving minocycline. As a sequel of this frequency and bothersome side effect, minocycline is rarely used in female patients.

Symptoms of an allergic reciprocation include rash, itching, swelling, severe dizziness, and trouble breathing. Minocycline has also been reported to about idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri).

Uses

  • Acne
  • Amoebic dysentery
  • Anthrax
  • Cholera
  • Gonorrhea (when penicillin cannot be understood)
  • Gougerot-Carteaud Syndrome (Confluent and Reticulated Papillomatosis)
  • Lyme Disease
  • Bubonic ass
  • Respiratory infections such as pneumonia
  • Rocky Mountain spotted fever
  • Syphilis (when penicillin cannot be delineated)
  • Urinary tract infections, rectal infections, and infections of the cervix caused by doubtless microbes

Anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective

Current research is examining the possible neuroprotective and anti-incendiary effects of minocycline against progression of a group of neurodegenerative disorders including multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's malady, and Parkinsons disease, amongst others neurodegenerative diseases.

The neuroprotective action of minocycline may classify its inhibitory effect on 5-lipoxygenase, an inflammatory enzyme associated with brain aging, and is being conscious for use in Alzheimer's disease patients. It also has been used as a "last ditch" treatment for toxoplasmosis in AIDS patients. Minocycline is neuroprotective in mouse models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Huntington's plague and has been recently shown to stabilize the course of Huntington's disease in humans over a 2-year epoch.

As an anti-inflammatory, minocycline inhibits apoptosis (cell death) via attenuation of TNF-alpha, downregulating pro-explosive cytokine output. This effect is mediated by a direct action of minocycline on the activated T cells and on microglia, which results in the decreased skills of T cells to contact microglia which impairs cytokine production in T cell-microglia signal transduction . Minocycline also inhibits microglial activation, fully blockade of NF-kappa B nuclear translocation.

It is thought that minocycline exerts neuroprotective effects external of its anti-inflammatory properties.

A recent study reported the impact of the antibiotic minocycline on clinical and inviting resonance imaging (MRI) outcomes and serum immune molecules in MS patients over 24 months of free-label minocycline treatment. Despite a moderately high pretreatment relapse in any event in patients in the study prior to treatment, no relapses occurred between months 6 and 24. The barely patient with gadolinium-enhancing lesions on MRI at 12 and 24 months was on half-quantity minocycline. Levels of interleukin-12 (IL-12), which at high levels influence antagonize the proinflammatory IL-12 receptor, were elevated over 18 months of treatment, as were levels of soluble vascular apartment adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). The activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9 was decreased by treatment. Clinical and MRI outcomes in this boning up were supported by systemic immunological changes and call for further investigation of minocycline in MS.

A latest study (2007) found that patients taking 200 mg of minocycline for 5 days within 24 hours of an ischemic dash showed an improvement in functional state and stroke severity over a period of 3 months compared with patients receiving placebo.

Exchange names and availability

Minocycline is no longer covered by patent and is therefore marketed beneath several trade names:

  • Minomycin
  • Minocin
  • Minoderm
  • Cyclimycin
  • Arestin
  • Akamin
  • Aknemin
  • Solodyn (Extended- Release. For the treatment of acne)
  • Dynacin
  • Sebomin
  • Mino-Tabs
  • Acnamino

StoneBridge Pharma also markets Minocycline as Cleeravue-M in colloid with SteriLid eyelid cleanser in the treatment of rosacea blepharitis.

References

  1. ^ DrugBank: DB01017 (Minocycline)
  2. ^ Lin, DW The Tetracyclines Parade 2005
  3. ^ Gough A, Chapman S, Wagstaff K, Emery P, Elias E (1996). "Minocycline induced autoimmune hepatitis and systemic lupus erythematosus-like syndrome". BMJ 312 (7024): 169–72. PMID 8563540 . http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/jam-packed/312/7024/169 .  
  4. ^ Krawitt EL (January 2006). "Autoimmune hepatitis". N. Engl. J. Med. 354 (1): 54–66. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra050408 . PMID 16394302 . http://tranquillity.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&pmid=16394302&promo=ONFLNS19 .  
  5. ^ Lefebvre N, Forestier E, Farhi D, et al. (2007). "Minocycline-induced hypersensitivity syndrome presenting with meningitis and perception edema: a case report". Journal of Medical Case Reports 1 : 22. doi: 10.1186/1752-1947-1-22 .  
  6. ^ Piscitelli, Stephen C.; Keith Rodvold (2005). Dull Interactions in Infectious Diseases . Humana Press. ISBN 1588294552.  
  7. ^ "MedlinePlus Drug Message: Minocycline Oral" . http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a682101.html .  
  8. ^ a b MedicineNet: Minocycline Word-of-mouth (Dynacin, Minocin) - side effects, medical uses, and drug interactions
  9. ^ Cohen, P. R. (2004). "Medication-associated depersonalization symptoms: communiqu of transient depersonalization symptoms induced by minocycline". Southern Medical Journal 97 (1): 70–73. doi: 10.1097/01.SMJ.0000083857.98870.98 . PMID 14746427.  
  10. ^ Sweetened, Richard L.; Gibbs, Ronald S. (2001). Infectious Diseases of the Female Genital Tract (4th ed.). Number 635: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.  
  11. ^ National Institute of Health (February 23, 2006). Preparatory Study Shows Creatine and Minocycline May Warrant Further Study In Parkinson’s Complaint . Press release . http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/feb2006/ninds-23.htm .  
  12. ^ Chen M, Ona VO, Li M, Ferrante RJ, Fink KB, Zhu S, Bian J, Guo L, Farrell LA, Hersch SM, Hobbs W, Vonsattel JP, Cha JH, Friedlander RM (2000). "Minocycline inhibits caspase-1 and caspase-3 locution and delays mortality in a transgenic mouse model of Huntington disease". Nat Med 6 (7): 797–801. doi: 10.1038/80538 . PMID 10888929.  
  13. ^ Tikka TM, Koistinaho JE (15 Jun 2001). "Minocycline provides neuroprotection against N-methyl-D-aspartate neurotoxicity by inhibiting microglia". J Immunol 166 (12): 7527–33. PMID 11390507 . http://www.jimmunol.org/cgi/contentedness/full/166/12/7527 .  
  14. ^ Nirmalananthan N, Greensmith L (2005). "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: current advances and future therapies". Curr. Opin. Neurol. 18 (6): 712–9. doi: 10.1097/01.wco.0000187248.21103.c5 . PMID 16280684.  
  15. ^ Performance Y, Wei EQ, Zhang WP, Zhang L, Liu JR, Chen Z (2004). "Minocycline protects PC12 cells from ischemic-like maltreatment and inhibits 5-lipoxygenase activation". Neuroreport 15 (14): 2181–4. doi: 10.1097/00001756-200410050-00007 . PMID 15371729.  
  16. ^ Uz T, Pesold C, Longone P, Manev H (01 Apr 1998). "Aging-associated up-pronouncement of neuronal 5-lipoxygenase expression: putative role in neuronal vulnerability". Faseb J 12 (6): 439–49. PMID 9535216 . http://www.fasebj.org/cgi/peacefulness/full/12/6/439 .  
  17. ^ Giuliani F, Hader W, Yong VW (2005). "Minocycline attenuates T cell and microglia job to impair cytokine production in T cell-microglia interaction". J. Leukoc. Biol. 78 (1): 135–43. doi: 10.1189/jlb.0804477 . PMID 15817702.  
  18. ^ a b Maier K, Merkler D, Gerber J, Taheri N, Kuhnert AV, Williams SK, Neusch C, Bähr M, Diem R (2007). "Multiple neuroprotective mechanisms of minocycline in autoimmune CNS infection". Neurobiol. Dis. 25 (3): 514–25. doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2006.10.022 . PMID 17239606.  
  19. ^ Zabad RK, Metz LM, Todoruk TR, Zhang Y, Mitchell JR, Yeung M, Patry DG, Bell RB, Yong VW (2007). "The clinical comeback to minocycline in multiple sclerosis is accompanied by beneficial immune changes: a run study". Mult. Scler. 13 (4): 517–26. doi: 10.1177/1352458506070319 . PMID 17463074.  
  20. ^ Zemke D, Majid A (2004). "The potential of minocycline for neuroprotection in defenceless neurologic disease". Clinical neuropharmacology 27 (6): 293–8. doi: 10.1097/01.wnf.0000150867.98887.3e . PMID 15613934.  
  21. ^ Popovic N, Schubart A, Goetz BD, Zhang SC, Linington C, Duncan ID (2002). "Defence mechanism of autoimmune encephalomyelitis by a tetracycline". Ann. Neurol. 51 (2): 215–23. doi: 10.1002/ana.10092 . PMID 11835378.  
  22. ^ Lampl Y, Boaz M, Gilad R, et al (2007). "Minocycline treatment in severe stroke: an open-label, evaluator-blinded study". Neurology 69 (14): 1404–10. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000277487.04281.db . PMID 17909152.  

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