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Minocycline hydrochloride , also known as minocycline , is a non-specific spectrum tetracycline antibiotic, and has a broader spectrum than the other members of the organize. It is a bacteriostatic antibiotic. As a result of its long half-life it generally has serum levels 2-4 times that of most other tetracyclines (150 mg giving 16 times the energy levels compared to 250 mg of tetracycline at 24-48 hours). Minocycline was originally discovered by Lederle Laboratories and marketed guardianship the brand name Minocin .

Indications

It is primarily used to treat acne and other incrustation infections as well as lyme disease as the one pill twice daily 100 mg dosage is far easier for patients than the four times a day required with tetracycline or oxytetracycline.

Although minocycline's broader spectrum of undertaking, compared to other members of the group, includes activity against Neisseria meningitidis, its use as a prophylaxis is no longer recommended because of side effects (dizziness and giddiness).

It may be used to treat certain strains of MRSA infection and disease caused by cure resistant Acinetobacter.

Minocycline is recognized as a DMARDS (Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Benumb) by the American College of Rheumatology, which recommends its use as a treatment for mild rheumatoid arthritis.

For other uses of minocycline see Tetracycline antibiotics and oxytetracycline as the uses are much the at any rate between Tetracyclines with only minor exceptions.

Cautions

Contrary to most other tetracycline antibiotics (doxycycline excluded), minocycline may be in use accustomed to in renal impairment, but may aggravate systemic lupus erythematosus. It may also trigger or unmask autoimmune hepatitis.

Also, more so than other tetracyclines, minocycline can matter the rare condition of secondary intracranial hypertension which has initial symptoms of inconvenience, visual disturbances, and confusion. Cerebral edema, as well as autoimmune rheumatoid arthritis are rare side effects to minocycline in some people.

Minocycline, like all tetracyclines, becomes hazardous past its expiration date. While most prescription drugs lose potency after their ending dates, tetracyclines were known to become toxic over time due to the decomposition of certain chemicals present in the manufactured capsules. This is not a present concern in drugs manufactured in before all world countries. Expired tetracyclines, as previously manufactured, can cause serious invoice to the kidneys.

Minocycline's absorption is impaired if taken at the same time of day as calcium or iron supplements. Distant from some of the other tetracycline group antibiotics, it can be taken with calcium-humorous foods such as milk, although this does reduce the absorption slightly. In a late news item in Science dated 23 November 2007, it has been mentioned that MINOCYCLINE in ALS is noxious. Patients on minocycline declined more rapidly than those on placebo. At this point in time the mechanism of this side effect is unknown. According to the researcher from Columbia University the potency does not seem to be dose dependent because the patients on high doses did not do worse than those on the low doses. Realm Vol 318, 1227, 2007. Should be taken with plenty of water. If taking this upper, one should avoid prolonged or excessive exposure to direct sunlight.

Minocycline (Sebomin specifically) has been cited as the agent of death of 14 year old Shaun Jones having taken the medication to treat inconsequential acne.

Side effects

Minocycline may cause upset stomach, diarrhea, dizziness, unsteadiness, drowsiness, trouble and vomiting. Minocycline increases sensitivity to sunlight. It has also been linked to cases of lupus, although on occasions. Minocycline can reduce the effectiveness of oral contraceptives. Prolonged use of Minicycline over an extended spell of time can lead to blue-gray skin or teeth discoloration. In some cases, Minocycline can make a liver infection. Rare but serious side effects include fever, yellowing of the eyes or outer layer, stomach pain, sore throat, vision changes, and mental changes, including depersonalization.

Symptoms of an allergic retaliation include rash, itching, swelling, severe dizziness, and trouble breathing. Minocycline has also been reported to prime mover idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri).

Uses

  • Acne
  • Amoebic dysentery
  • Anthrax
  • Cholera
  • Gonorrhea (when penicillin cannot be addicted)
  • Gougerot-Carteaud Syndrome (Confluent and Reticulated Papillomatosis)
  • Lyme Disease
  • Bubonic visitation
  • Respiratory infections such as pneumonia
  • Rocky Mountain spotted fever
  • Syphilis (when penicillin cannot be prone)
  • Urinary tract infections, rectal infections, and infections of the cervix caused by irrefutable microbes

Anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective

Current research is examining the possible neuroprotective and anti-fomenting effects of minocycline against progression of a group of neurodegenerative disorders including multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's contagion, and Parkinsons disease, amongst others neurodegenerative diseases.

The neuroprotective action of minocycline may contain its inhibitory effect on 5-lipoxygenase, an inflammatory enzyme associated with brain aging, and is being contrived for use in Alzheimer's disease patients. It also has been used as a "last ditch" treatment for toxoplasmosis in AIDS patients. Minocycline is neuroprotective in mouse models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Huntington's plague and has been recently shown to stabilize the course of Huntington's disease in humans one more time a 2-year period.

As an anti-inflammatory, minocycline inhibits apoptosis (cell finish) via attenuation of TNF-alpha, downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokine output. This effect is mediated by a focus action of minocycline on the activated T cells and on microglia, which results in the decreased facility of T cells to contact microglia which impairs cytokine production in T cell-microglia signal transduction . Minocycline also inhibits microglial activation, washing one's hands of blockade of NF-kappa B nuclear translocation.

It is thought that minocycline exerts neuroprotective effects neutral of its anti-inflammatory properties.

A recent study reported the impact of the antibiotic minocycline on clinical and beguiling resonance imaging (MRI) outcomes and serum immune molecules in MS patients over 24 months of open-handed-label minocycline treatment. Despite a moderately high pretreatment relapse berate in patients in the study prior to treatment, no relapses occurred between months 6 and 24. The no greater than patient with gadolinium-enhancing lesions on MRI at 12 and 24 months was on half-portion minocycline. Levels of interleukin-12 (IL-12), which at high levels effect antagonize the proinflammatory IL-12 receptor, were elevated over 18 months of treatment, as were levels of soluble vascular chamber adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). The activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9 was decreased by treatment. Clinical and MRI outcomes in this examine were supported by systemic immunological changes and call for further investigation of minocycline in MS.

A brand-new study (2007) found that patients taking 200 mg of minocycline for 5 days within 24 hours of an ischemic achievement showed an improvement in functional state and stroke severity over a period of 3 months compared with patients receiving placebo.

Occupation names and availability

Minocycline is no longer covered by patent and is therefore marketed under the aegis several trade names:

  • Minomycin
  • Minocin
  • Minoderm
  • Arestin
  • Akamin
  • Aknemin
  • Solodyn (Extended- Rescue. For the treatment of acne)
  • Dynacin
  • Sebomin
  • Mino-Tabs
  • Acnamino

StoneBridge Pharma also markets Minocycline as Cleeravue-M in union with SteriLid eyelid cleanser in the treatment of rosacea blepharitis.

References

  1. ^ DrugBank: DB01017 (Minocycline)
  2. ^ Lin, DW The Tetracyclines March 2005
  3. ^ Gough A, Chapman S, Wagstaff K, Emery P, Elias E (1996). "Minocycline induced autoimmune hepatitis and systemic lupus erythematosus-like syndrome". BMJ 312 (7024): 169–72. PMID 8563540 . http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/happiness/full/312/7024/169 .  
  4. ^ Krawitt EL (January 2006). "Autoimmune hepatitis". N. Engl. J. Med. 354 (1): 54–66. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra050408 . PMID 16394302 . http://measure ingredients.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&pmid=16394302&promo=ONFLNS19 .  
  5. ^ Lefebvre N, Forestier E, Farhi D, et al. (2007). "Minocycline-induced hypersensitivity syndrome presenting with meningitis and intelligence edema: a case report". Journal of Medical Case Reports 1 : 22. doi: 10.1186/1752-1947-1-22 .  
  6. ^ Piscitelli, Stephen C.; Keith Rodvold (2005). Medicament Interactions in Infectious Diseases . Humana Press. ISBN 1588294552.  
  7. ^ BBC News: Boy, 14, died after acne tablets
  8. ^ "MedlinePlus Dose Information: Minocycline Oral" . http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a682101.html .  
  9. ^ a b MedicineNet: Minocycline Uttered (Dynacin, Minocin) - side effects, medical uses, and drug interactions
  10. ^ Cohen, P. R. (2004). "Medication-associated depersonalization symptoms: despatch of transient depersonalization symptoms induced by minocycline". Southern Medical Journal 97 (1): 70–73. PMID 14746427.  
  11. ^ Jingoistic Institute of Health (February 23, 2006). Preliminary Study Shows Creatine and Minocycline May Justification Further Study In Parkinson’s Disease . Press release . http://www.nih.gov/expos/pr/feb2006/ninds-23.htm .  
  12. ^ Chen M, Ona VO, Li M, Ferrante RJ, Fink KB, Zhu S, Bian J, Guo L, Farrell LA, Hersch SM, Hobbs W, Vonsattel JP, Cha JH, Friedlander RM (2000). "Minocycline inhibits caspase-1 and caspase-3 look and delays mortality in a transgenic mouse model of Huntington disease". Nat Med 6 (7): 797–801. doi: 10.1038/80538 . PMID 10888929.  
  13. ^ Tikka TM, Koistinaho JE (2001). "Minocycline provides neuroprotection against N-methyl-D-aspartate neurotoxicity by inhibiting microglia". J Immunol 166 (12): 7527–33. PMID 11390507 . http://www.jimmunol.org/cgi/subject-matter/full/166/12/7527 .  
  14. ^ Nirmalananthan N, Greensmith L (2005). "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: fresh advances and future therapies". Curr. Opin. Neurol. 18 (6): 712–9. doi: 10.1097/01.wco.0000187248.21103.c5 . PMID 16280684.  
  15. ^ Melody Y, Wei EQ, Zhang WP, Zhang L, Liu JR, Chen Z (2004). "Minocycline protects PC12 cells from ischemic-like wound and inhibits 5-lipoxygenase activation". Neuroreport 15 (14): 2181–4. doi: 10.1097/00001756-200410050-00007 . PMID 15371729.  
  16. ^ Uz T, Pesold C, Longone P, Manev H (1998). "Aging-associated up-edict of neuronal 5-lipoxygenase expression: putative role in neuronal vulnerability". Faseb J 12 (6): 439–49. PMID 9535216 . http://www.fasebj.org/cgi/satisfied/full/12/6/439 .  
  17. ^ Giuliani F, Hader W, Yong VW (2005). "Minocycline attenuates T cell and microglia pursuit to impair cytokine production in T cell-microglia interaction". J. Leukoc. Biol. 78 (1): 135–43. doi: 10.1189/jlb.0804477 . PMID 15817702.  
  18. ^ a b Maier K, Merkler D, Gerber J, Taheri N, Kuhnert AV, Williams SK, Neusch C, Bähr M, Diem R (2007). "Multiple neuroprotective mechanisms of minocycline in autoimmune CNS swelling". Neurobiol. Dis. 25 (3): 514–25. doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2006.10.022 . PMID 17239606.  
  19. ^ Zabad RK, Metz LM, Todoruk TR, Zhang Y, Mitchell JR, Yeung M, Patry DG, Bell RB, Yong VW (2007). "The clinical answer to minocycline in multiple sclerosis is accompanied by beneficial immune changes: a aviator study". Mult. Scler. 13 (4): 517–26. doi: 10.1177/1352458506070319 . PMID 17463074.  
  20. ^ Zemke D, Majid A (2004). "The potential of minocycline for neuroprotection in individual neurologic disease". Clinical neuropharmacology 27 (6): 293–8. doi: 10.1097/01.wnf.0000150867.98887.3e . PMID 15613934.  
  21. ^ Popovic N, Schubart A, Goetz BD, Zhang SC, Linington C, Duncan ID (2002). "Curb of autoimmune encephalomyelitis by a tetracycline". Ann. Neurol. 51 (2): 215–23. doi: 10.1002/ana.10092 . PMID 11835378.  
  22. ^ Lampl Y, Boaz M, Gilad R, et al (2007). "Minocycline treatment in perspicacious stroke: an open-label, evaluator-blinded study". Neurology 69 (14): 1404–10. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000277487.04281.db . PMID 17909152.  

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