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Brāhmī is the new name given to the oldest members of the Brahmic family of alphabets. The best known inscriptions in Brāhmī are the set someone back on his-cut edicts of Ashoka in north-central India, dated to the 3rd century BCE. These are loosely considered the earliest known examples of Brāhmī writing, though the script may be somewhat older and there are periodic claims for dates as far back as the 6th century BCE. The script was deciphered in 1837 by James Prinsep, an archaeologist, philologist, and lawful of the British East India Company.

Like its contemporary in what is now Afghanistan and Pakistan, Kharoṣṭhī, Brāhmī was an abugida—a consonantal lay out augmented by diacritics for vowels. It was innovative in its presentation, with the alphabet arranged in a grid (varga) according to phonetic principles.

Brāhmī was ancestral to most of the scripts of South Asia, Southeast Asia, some Chief Asian scripts like Tibetan and Khotanese, and possibly Korean hangul (1444 AD). The alphabetic structure Brāhmī was adopted as the modern order of Japanese kana, though the letters themselves are foreign.

Origins

Like Kharoshthi, Brāhmī was used to write the early dialects of Prakrit. Its practice was mostly restricted to inscriptions on buildings and graves as well as liturgical texts. Sanskrit was not written until innumerable centuries later. As a result, Brāhmī is not a perfect match for Sanskrit, and several Sanskrit sounds cannot be written in Brāhmī.

Claims are made for Brāhmī dates as far forsake as the 6th century BCE, though no pre-Ashokan dates are supported by conclusive evidence. Many at the crack remains show regional variation thought to have developed after a term of unity across India during the Ashokan period.

Ashokan inscriptions

Brāhmī is certainly attested from the 3rd century BCE during the reign of Ashoka, who used the script for superior edicts. It has commonly been supposed that the script was developed at around this previously, both from the paucity of earlier dated examples, the alleged unreliability of those earlier dates, and from the geometric reliability of the script, which some have taken to be evidence that it had been recently invented.

Aramaic premiss

Brāhmī is believed by most scholars to be derived or at least influenced by a Semitic script such as the Exalted Aramaic alphabet, as was clearly the case for the contemporary Kharosthi alphabet that arose in a section of northwest Indian under the control of the Achaemenid Empire.A possibility is with the Achaemenid victory in the late 6th century BCE, or that it was a planned invention under Ashoka as a prerequiste for his edicts.

A gleam at the oldest Brāhmī inscriptions shows striking parallels with contemporary Aramaic for the phonemes that are corresponding between the two languages, especially if the letters are flipped to reflect the change in writing supervising. (Aramaic is written from right to left, as was Brāhmī originally, whereas Brāhmī later came to be written from radical to right.) For example, both Brāhmī and Aramaic g resemble Λ; both Brāhmī and Aramaic t taste ʎ , etc.

However, Semitic is not a good phonological match to Indic, so any Semitic alphabet would compel ought to needed extensive modification to represent Brahmi. Indeed, this is the most convincing implied evidence for a link: The similarities between the scripts are just what one would anticipate from such an adaptation. For example, Aramaic did not distinguish dental from retroflex stops; in Brāhmī the dental and retroflex series are graphically to a great extent similar, as if both had been derived from a single prototype. Aramaic did not clothed Brāhmī’s aspirated consonants ( kʰ , tʰ ), whereas Brāhmī did not have Aramaic's emphatic consonants ( q, ṭ, ṣ ); and it appears that these insistent letters were used for Brāhmī's aspirates: Aramaic q for Brāhmī kh, Aramaic ṭ (Θ) for Brāhmī th ( ʘ ). And just where Aramaic did not prepare a corresponding emphatic stop, p, Brāhmī seems to have doubled up for its aspirate: Brāhmī p and ph are graphically least similar, as if taken from the same source in Aramaic p. The first letters of the alphabets also go with: Brāhmī a, which resembled a reversed κ, looks a lot like Aramaic alef, which resembled Hebrew א. (See the representation above for some examples.)

According to many Indian scholars and a few English scholars G.R. Tracker and F. Raymond Allchin, Brāhmī was a purely indigenous development, perhaps with the Indus lay out as its predecessor. In northern India, there is a gap of over a millennium between the Indus arrange and Brāhmī, but early fragments of Brāhmī from Sri Lanka and Tamil Nadu include samples that may be pre-Mauryan. Since the Indus configure survived longest in the south, the gap with Brāhmī may be shorter there.

Early regional variants

The earliest Ashokan inscriptions are initiate across India—apart from the northwest—and are highly uniform. By the third century BCE, regional variants had developed, due to differences in expos materials and to the structure of the languages being written. For example, Tamil-Brahmi had a disagreeing system of vowel notation.

The earliest evidence of Brahmi script in South India comes from Bhattiprolu in Andhra Pradesh circa 300 BCE. The Bhattiprolu cursive writing was written on an urn containing Buddhist relics. The languages were Prakrit and old Telugu. Twenty-three letters suffer with been identified. The letters ga and sa are similar to Mauryan Brahmi, while bha and da resemble those of novel Telugu script.

Recent claims for earlier dates include fragments of terracotta from the trading town of Anuradhapura in Sri Lanka, which have been dated to between the 6th and the pioneer 4th centuries BCE; Bhattiprolu; and on pieces of pottery in Adichanallur, Tamil Nadu, which be experiencing been radio-carbon dated to the 6th century BCE.

Characteristics

Brāhmī is usually written from Heraldry sinister to right, as in the case of its descendants. However, a coin of the 4th century BCE has been found inscribed with Brāhmī operation from right to left, as in Aramaic.

Brāhmī is an abugida, meaning that each line represents a consonant, while vowels are written with obligatory diacritics. When no vowel is written, the vowel /a/ is conceded. Special conjunct consonants are used to write consonant clusters such as /pr/ or /rv/.

Vowels following a consonant are written by diacritics, but monogram vowels have dedicated letters. There are three vowels in Brāhmī, /a, i, u/; yearn vowels are derived from the letters for short vowels. However, there are merely five vowel diacritics, as short /a/ is understood if no vowel is written.

Punctuation

Punctuation can be perceived as more of an freak than as a general rule in Asokan Brāhmī. For instance, distinct spaces in between the words arise frequently in the pillar edicts but not so much in others. ("Pillar edicts" refers to the texts that are inscribed on the stone pillars oftentimes with the aim of making them public.) The idea of writing each word separately was not unfailingly used.

In early Brāhmī period, the existence of punctuation marks is not very well shown. Each scholarship precisely has been written independently with some space between words and edicts every now.

In the middle period, the system seems to be in progress. The use of a dash and a curved horizontal ceil accept bribes is found. A flower mark seems to mark the end, and a circular mark appears to state the full stop. There seem to be varieties of full stop.

In the late interval, the system of interpuctuation marks gets more complicated. For instance, there are four diverse forms of vertically slanted double dashes that resemble "//" to account succeed the completion of the composition. Despite all the decorative signs that were available during the till period, the signs remained fairly simple in the inscriptions. One of the possible reasons may be that etching is restricted while writing is not.

Four basic forms of the punctuation marks can be cited as: 1) dash or prone bar, 2) vertical bar, 3) dot, 4) circle.

Descendants

Main article: Brahmic relatives of scripts

Over the course of a millennium, Brāhmī developed into numerous regional scripts, commonly classified into a more rounded Southern India sort and a more angular Northern India group. Over time, these regional scripts became associated with the city languages. Alphabets of the Southern group spread with Hinduism and Buddhism into Southeast Asia, while the Northern assembly spread into Tibet. Today descendants of Brāhmī are used throughout India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, Tibet, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and in scattered enclaves in Indonesia, southern China, Vietnam, and the Philippines. As the book of Buddhist scripture, Brahmic alphabets are used for religious purposes throughout China, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam.

Gary Ledyard has been suggested that the prime letters of hangul were taken from the Phagspa script of the Mongol Empire, itself a development of the Brahmic Tibetan alphabet. Canadian Aboriginal syllabics also show methodical similarity with principles and characters of Brāhmī.

See also

• Indian inscriptions

References

1. ^ More details in all directions Buddhist monuments at Sanchi, Archaeological Survey of India, 1989.
2. ^ Frits Staal, The art of language , Chapter 16 in Gavin Flood, The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism Blackwell Publishing, 2003, 599 pages ISBN 0631215352. "Like Mendelejev's Recurrent system of elements, the varga system was the result of centuries of analysis. In the course of that happening, the basic concepts of phonology were discovered and defined." p.352.
3. ^ Daniels & Bright, The Universe's Writing Systems
4. ^ Richard Salomon, Brahmi and Kharoshthi, in Daniels and Bright, The Period's Writing Systemes, 1996
5. ^ Salomon, Richard (1998), Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Writing-room of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the Other Indo-Aryan Languages , Oxford: Oxford University Broadcasting, ISBN 0195099842   at pp 12-13
6. ^ The Bhattiprolu Inscriptions, G. Buhler, 1894, Epigraphica Indica, Vol.2
7. ^ Buddhist Inscriptions of Andhradesa, Dr. B.S.L Hanumantha Rao, 1998, Ananda Buddha Vihara Keeping, Secunderabad
8. ^ Ananda Buddha Vihara; http://www.buddhavihara.in/ancient.htm
9. ^ Epigraphist extraordinaire; http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/19/stories/2007031911650400.htm
10. ^ Antiquity of Telugu idiolect and script: http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/20/stories/2007122054820600.htm
11. ^ Salomon, Richard (1998), Indian Epigraphy: A Model to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the Other Indo-Aryan Languages , Oxford: Oxford University Throng, ISBN 0195099842   at pp 12-13
12. ^ Antiquity of Telugu language and script: http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/20/stories/2007122054820600.htm
13. ^ Subramanian, T.S., Skeletons, design found at ancient burial site in Tamil Nadu
14. ^ Brahmi - Crystalinks
15. ^ Ram Sharma, Brāhmī Play: Development in North-Western India and Central Asia, 2002

Further reading

• Kenneth R. Norman, The Maturation of Writing in India and its Effect upon the Pâli Canon , in Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Südasiens (36), 1993
• Oscar von Hinüber, Der Beginn der Schrift und frühe Schriftlichkeit in Indien , Franz Steiner Verlag, 1990 (in German)
• Gérard Fussman, Les premiers systèmes d'écriture en Inde , in Annuaire du Collège de France 1988-1989 (in French)
• Siran Deraniyagala, The prehistory of Sri Lanka; an ecological outlook (revised ed. ), Archaeological Survey Department of Sri Lanka, 1992.

External links

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