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Minocycline hydrochloride , also known as minocycline , is a unladylike spectrum tetracycline antibiotic, and has a broader spectrum than the other members of the grouping. It is a bacteriostatic antibiotic. As a result of its long half-life it generally has serum levels 2-4 times that of most other tetracyclines (150 mg giving 16 times the interest levels compared to 250 mg of tetracycline at 24-48 hours). Minocycline was originally discovered by Lederle Laboratories and marketed secondary to the brand name Minocin .

Indications

It is primarily used to treat acne and other pellicle infections as well as lyme disease as the one pill twice daily 100 mg dosage is far easier for patients than the four times a day required with tetracycline or oxytetracycline.

Although minocycline's broader spectrum of project, compared to other members of the group, includes activity against Neisseria meningitidis, its use as a prophylaxis is no longer recommended because of side effects (dizziness and wooziness).

It may be used to treat certain strains of MRSA infection and disease caused by dull resistant Acinetobacter.

Minocycline is recognized as a DMARDS (Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Remedy) by the American College of Rheumatology, which recommends its use as a treatment for mild rheumatoid arthritis.

For other uses of minocycline see Tetracycline antibiotics and oxytetracycline as the uses are much the in any event between Tetracyclines with only minor exceptions.

Cautions

Contrary to most other tetracycline antibiotics (doxycycline excluded), minocycline may be occupied in renal impairment, but may aggravate systemic lupus erythematosus. It may also trigger or unmask autoimmune hepatitis.

Also, more so than other tetracyclines, minocycline can occasion the rare condition of secondary intracranial hypertension which has initial symptoms of cephalalgia, visual disturbances, and confusion. Cerebral edema, as well as autoimmune rheumatoid arthritis are rare side effects to minocycline in some people.

Minocycline, like all tetracyclines, becomes iffy past its expiration date. While most prescription drugs lose potency after their expiry dates, tetracyclines were known to become toxic over time due to the itemization of certain chemicals present in the manufactured capsules. This is not a present concern in drugs manufactured in blue ribbon world countries. Expired tetracyclines, as previously manufactured, can cause serious ruin to the kidneys.

Minocycline's absorption is impaired if taken at the same time of day as calcium or iron supplements. Opposite from some of the other tetracycline group antibiotics, it can be taken with calcium-rich foods such as tap, although this does reduce the absorption slightly. In a recent news mention in Science dated 23 November 2007, it has been mentioned that MINOCYCLINE in ALS is detrimental. Patients on minocycline declined more rapidly than those on placebo. At put on show the mechanism of this side effect is unknown. According to the researcher from Columbia University the truly does not seem to be dose dependent because the patients on high doses did not do worse than those on the low doses. Method Vol 318, 1227, 2007. Should be taken with plenty of water. If taking this dope, one should avoid prolonged or excessive exposure to direct sunlight.

Minocycline (Sebomin specifically) has been cited as the engender of death of 14 year old Shaun Jones having taken the medication to reception of minor acne.

Side effects

Minocycline may cause upset stomach, diarrhea, dizziness, unsteadiness, drowsiness, bane and vomiting. Minocycline increases sensitivity to sunlight. It has also been linked to cases of lupus, although almost never. Minocycline can reduce the effectiveness of oral contraceptives. Prolonged use of Minicycline over an extended space of time can lead to blue-gray skin or teeth discoloration. In some cases, Minocycline can basis a liver infection. Rare but serious side effects include fever, yellowing of the eyes or bark, stomach pain, sore throat, vision changes, and mental changes, including depersonalization.

Minocycline, but not other tetracyclines, can bring on vestibular disturbances with dizziness, ataxia, vertigo and tinnitus. This side really is much more common in women than in men, occurring in 50% to 70% of women receiving minocycline. As a d of this frequency and bothersome side effect, minocycline is rarely used in female patients.

Symptoms of an allergic response include rash, itching, swelling, severe dizziness, and trouble breathing. Minocycline has also been reported to basis idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri).

Uses

  • Acne
  • Amoebic dysentery
  • Anthrax
  • Cholera
  • Gonorrhea (when penicillin cannot be acknowledged)
  • Gougerot-Carteaud Syndrome (Confluent and Reticulated Papillomatosis)
  • Lyme Disease
  • Bubonic annoy
  • Respiratory infections such as pneumonia
  • Rocky Mountain spotted fever
  • Syphilis (when penicillin cannot be confirmed)
  • Urinary tract infections, rectal infections, and infections of the cervix caused by unspecified microbes

Anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective

Current research is examining the possible neuroprotective and anti-revolutionary effects of minocycline against progression of a group of neurodegenerative disorders including multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's blight, and Parkinsons disease, amongst others neurodegenerative diseases.

The neuroprotective action of minocycline may group its inhibitory effect on 5-lipoxygenase, an inflammatory enzyme associated with brain aging, and is being deliberate for use in Alzheimer's disease patients. It also has been used as a "last ditch" treatment for toxoplasmosis in AIDS patients. Minocycline is neuroprotective in mouse models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Huntington's infirmity and has been recently shown to stabilize the course of Huntington's disease in humans onto a 2-year period.

As an anti-inflammatory, minocycline inhibits apoptosis (cell termination) via attenuation of TNF-alpha, downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokine output. This effect is mediated by a advise action of minocycline on the activated T cells and on microglia, which results in the decreased capacity of T cells to contact microglia which impairs cytokine production in T cell-microglia signal transduction . Minocycline also inhibits microglial activation, in all respects blockade of NF-kappa B nuclear translocation.

It is thought that minocycline exerts neuroprotective effects non-partisan of its anti-inflammatory properties.

A recent study reported the impact of the antibiotic minocycline on clinical and enthralling resonance imaging (MRI) outcomes and serum immune molecules in MS patients over 24 months of unhampered-label minocycline treatment. Despite a moderately high pretreatment relapse velocity in patients in the study prior to treatment, no relapses occurred between months 6 and 24. The purely patient with gadolinium-enhancing lesions on MRI at 12 and 24 months was on half-portion minocycline. Levels of interleukin-12 (IL-12), which at high levels superiority antagonize the proinflammatory IL-12 receptor, were elevated over 18 months of treatment, as were levels of soluble vascular cubicle adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). The activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9 was decreased by treatment. Clinical and MRI outcomes in this swotting were supported by systemic immunological changes and call for further investigation of minocycline in MS.

A modern study (2007) found that patients taking 200 mg of minocycline for 5 days within 24 hours of an ischemic hint showed an improvement in functional state and stroke severity over a period of 3 months compared with patients receiving placebo.

Work names and availability

Minocycline is no longer covered by patent and is therefore marketed secondary to several trade names:

  • Minomycin
  • Minocin
  • Minoderm
  • Arestin
  • Akamin
  • Aknemin
  • Solodyn (Extended- Disenthral. For the treatment of acne)
  • Dynacin
  • Sebomin
  • Mino-Tabs
  • Acnamino

StoneBridge Pharma also markets Minocycline as Cleeravue-M in alloy with SteriLid eyelid cleanser in the treatment of rosacea blepharitis.

References

  1. ^ DrugBank: DB01017 (Minocycline)
  2. ^ Lin, DW The Tetracyclines Pace 2005
  3. ^ Gough A, Chapman S, Wagstaff K, Emery P, Elias E (1996). "Minocycline induced autoimmune hepatitis and systemic lupus erythematosus-like syndrome". BMJ 312 (7024): 169–72. PMID 8563540 . http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/load/full/312/7024/169 .  
  4. ^ Krawitt EL (January 2006). "Autoimmune hepatitis". N. Engl. J. Med. 354 (1): 54–66. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra050408 . PMID 16394302 . http://soothe.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&pmid=16394302&promo=ONFLNS19 .  
  5. ^ Lefebvre N, Forestier E, Farhi D, et al. (2007). "Minocycline-induced hypersensitivity syndrome presenting with meningitis and wisdom edema: a case report". Journal of Medical Case Reports 1 : 22. doi: 10.1186/1752-1947-1-22 .  
  6. ^ Piscitelli, Stephen C.; Keith Rodvold (2005). Hallucinogenic Interactions in Infectious Diseases . Humana Press. ISBN 1588294552.  
  7. ^ BBC News: Boy, 14, died after acne tablets
  8. ^ "MedlinePlus Stimulant Information: Minocycline Oral" . http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a682101.html .  
  9. ^ a b MedicineNet: Minocycline Vocalized (Dynacin, Minocin) - side effects, medical uses, and drug interactions
  10. ^ Cohen, P. R. (2004). "Medication-associated depersonalization symptoms: communication of transient depersonalization symptoms induced by minocycline". Southern Medical Journal 97 (1): 70–73. doi: 10.1097/01.SMJ.0000083857.98870.98 . PMID 14746427.  
  11. ^ Pleasant, Richard L.; Gibbs, Ronald S. (2001). Infectious Diseases of the Female Genital Tract (4th ed.). Number 635: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.  
  12. ^ National Institute of Health (February 23, 2006). Overture introduction Study Shows Creatine and Minocycline May Warrant Further Study In Parkinson’s Blight . Press release . http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/feb2006/ninds-23.htm .  
  13. ^ Chen M, Ona VO, Li M, Ferrante RJ, Fink KB, Zhu S, Bian J, Guo L, Farrell LA, Hersch SM, Hobbs W, Vonsattel JP, Cha JH, Friedlander RM (2000). "Minocycline inhibits caspase-1 and caspase-3 speech and delays mortality in a transgenic mouse model of Huntington disease". Nat Med 6 (7): 797–801. doi: 10.1038/80538 . PMID 10888929.  
  14. ^ Tikka TM, Koistinaho JE (15 Jun 2001). "Minocycline provides neuroprotection against N-methyl-D-aspartate neurotoxicity by inhibiting microglia". J Immunol 166 (12): 7527–33. PMID 11390507 . http://www.jimmunol.org/cgi/size/full/166/12/7527 .  
  15. ^ Nirmalananthan N, Greensmith L (2005). "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: fresh advances and future therapies". Curr. Opin. Neurol. 18 (6): 712–9. doi: 10.1097/01.wco.0000187248.21103.c5 . PMID 16280684.  
  16. ^ Melody Y, Wei EQ, Zhang WP, Zhang L, Liu JR, Chen Z (2004). "Minocycline protects PC12 cells from ischemic-like offence and inhibits 5-lipoxygenase activation". Neuroreport 15 (14): 2181–4. doi: 10.1097/00001756-200410050-00007 . PMID 15371729.  
  17. ^ Uz T, Pesold C, Longone P, Manev H (01 Apr 1998). "Aging-associated up-setting of neuronal 5-lipoxygenase expression: putative role in neuronal vulnerability". Faseb J 12 (6): 439–49. PMID 9535216 . http://www.fasebj.org/cgi/please/full/12/6/439 .  
  18. ^ Giuliani F, Hader W, Yong VW (2005). "Minocycline attenuates T cell and microglia pursuit to impair cytokine production in T cell-microglia interaction". J. Leukoc. Biol. 78 (1): 135–43. doi: 10.1189/jlb.0804477 . PMID 15817702.  
  19. ^ a b Maier K, Merkler D, Gerber J, Taheri N, Kuhnert AV, Williams SK, Neusch C, Bähr M, Diem R (2007). "Multiple neuroprotective mechanisms of minocycline in autoimmune CNS infection". Neurobiol. Dis. 25 (3): 514–25. doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2006.10.022 . PMID 17239606.  
  20. ^ Zabad RK, Metz LM, Todoruk TR, Zhang Y, Mitchell JR, Yeung M, Patry DG, Bell RB, Yong VW (2007). "The clinical feedback to minocycline in multiple sclerosis is accompanied by beneficial immune changes: a aviator study". Mult. Scler. 13 (4): 517–26. doi: 10.1177/1352458506070319 . PMID 17463074.  
  21. ^ Zemke D, Majid A (2004). "The potential of minocycline for neuroprotection in sensitive neurologic disease". Clinical neuropharmacology 27 (6): 293–8. doi: 10.1097/01.wnf.0000150867.98887.3e . PMID 15613934.  
  22. ^ Popovic N, Schubart A, Goetz BD, Zhang SC, Linington C, Duncan ID (2002). "Defence of autoimmune encephalomyelitis by a tetracycline". Ann. Neurol. 51 (2): 215–23. doi: 10.1002/ana.10092 . PMID 11835378.  
  23. ^ Lampl Y, Boaz M, Gilad R, et al (2007). "Minocycline treatment in astute stroke: an open-label, evaluator-blinded study". Neurology 69 (14): 1404–10. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000277487.04281.db . PMID 17909152.  

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